According to Government statistics, last year 2,870 children were adopted, the average age of a child at adoption being 3 years and 3 months. There were over 2,000 children in care waiting to be adopted, with over half of these waiting 18 months or more. In March 2022 the Government announced funding for an initiative to help recruit and support adoptive families over the next three years. As charities continue to promote adoption, employers will increasingly face questions about employment rights related to adoption.
Family-friendly employment rights support employees adopting looked-after children, as well as children adopted through surrogacy arrangements or from overseas. Although historically employment rights for adopting parents lagged behind those of biological parents, adopting parents now have broadly the same entitlement to leave, pay and legal protection.
Who is entitled to adoption employment rights?
An employee may be adopting on their own, with a spouse, civil partner or in an unmarried couple, whether same or different sex.
Adoption employment rights apply to:
- parents adopting through a surrogacy arrangement and to whom a court has granted a parental order; and
- parents adopting through the ‘fostering for adoption’ scheme.
A slightly different framework applies to parents adopting from overseas.
Step-parents adopting a stepchild and employees who adopt through private arrangements, rather than through an agency, are not entitled to most adoption employment rights, although they may be entitled to ordinary parental leave and time off for a dependant.
Adoption appointments
The adoption procedure involves numerous appointments, and employees are allowed time off work to attend adoption appointments arranged by an adoption agency (including a local authority). The adopter may take paid time off to attend five appointments, up to 6.5 hours off each time. Joint adopters can choose for one individual to take paid time off for five appointments and the other adopter to take unpaid time off for two appointments.
Adoption leave
The adopter is entitled to 52 weeks’ adoption leave. This is a ‘day-one’ right, meaning there is no minimum period of employment required. The leave can start up to 14 days before the child is expected to be placed with the employee. The rules set out how to determine if an employee has enough service to qualify for paid leave.
Keeping-in-touch days
During adoption leave, employees can carry out work for their employer on up to 10 paid keeping-in-touch days, but there is no obligation to do so.
Statutory adoption pay
To be entitled to 39 weeks’ statutory adoption pay, the employee’s weekly pay must be above a minimum threshold (currently £123) and they must have worked for their employer for 26 weeks.
The first six weeks are paid at 90% of average pay and at the statutory rate for the remaining 33 weeks (currently £156.66) if this is higher than 90% of average pay. There are specific rules for calculating average pay.
Rights for adopting couples
If adopting in a couple, one parent must be the primary adopter for purposes of adoption leave and pay. The other adopter may take two weeks’ statutory paternity leave provided that they have worked for their employer for 26 weeks. The partner would give up the right to paternity leave if they took paid time off work to attend adoption appointments.
After the first two weeks of adoption leave, an eligible partner of an adopting parent can share the parental leave. The eligibility and notice rules for shared parental leave are complicated. Please get in touch if you receive a request to share parental leave.
Rights during and at the end of leave
Employees on adoption or shared parental leave are entitled to the same benefits under their contract of employment, other than their contractual pay. Holiday pay continues to accrue.
Employees have the right to return to the same job after taking adoption or shared parental leave. In some circumstances, you do not have to hold their job open for them, but you must ensure that they return to a suitable job on no less favourable terms. Please get in touch if keeping the employee’s job open is looking difficult.
Protection from detriment and dismissal
Pregnant women and women who have just given birth are protected from discrimination, but there is no equivalent protection for adopters. Otherwise, adopters have similar protection. Employees are protected from being subjected to a detriment because of taking adoption leave or attending an adoption appointment.
Employees are protected from being selected for redundancy because they take adoption or shared parental leave. If you are looking at redundancies, be aware that employees who are out of the workplace on adoption or shared parental leave have special protection, similar to employees on maternity leave. These employees should be prioritised for any suitable, alternative vacancies if they are at risk of being made redundant. If this is missed, the redundancy dismissal could be automatically unfair.
In 2019 the Government announced proposals to extend this period of protection for six months after the return to work following maternity leave, adoption leave or shared parental leave. This appeared to have slipped off the Government’s agenda, however it recently announced that it was backing a private member’s bill currently before Parliament which will in the long term achieve this.
Other family-friendly rights
Adopting parents also have the right to parental leave and for time off for dependants. Both these types of leave are unpaid. Parental leave allows an employee with one year’s service to take up to 18 weeks’ off to care for a child, including an adopted child, up to their 18th birthday. Employees may also take reasonable time off to make alternative arrangements if childcare is unexpectedly disrupted or to deal with an emergency relating to a dependant, including an adopted child.
How we can help
We can help you avoid employment tribunal claims and ensure that your employees feel supported in balancing their work and family commitments. Please contact Patrick Glencross,Senior Associate, in the employment team on 01227 763939.
Please note: This article is for general information only and does not constitute legal or professional advice.
